Deception in research occurs when researchers withhold information or misinform the participants purposely about the research. Deception gives false information about investigators or the purpose of the research or omitting information about the purpose of the research. The five articles chosen for this literature review include the rise and fall of deception in social psychology and personality research, and how deception is used intentionally in research. The Rise and Fall of Deception in Social Psychology and Personality Research Deception in research has occurred for many years and with many studies. Deception was rarely used during the developmental years in the 1930s, but grew gradually until the 1950s. Due to changes in experimental methods, popularity of realistic effect experiments, and the influence of cognitive dissonance theory, deception increased during the years of 1950s and 1970s. Several surveys of literature have been used to complete

Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York is a film that shows the squalor of the worst slum in New York City in the mid 1800's, Five Points. With ten Oscar nominations, it is arguably one of the greatest historical movies to date (Koban). But just how historically accurate is it? While some people think the movie does a great job of depicting the time period, historians say it lacks authenticity. This paper will discuss Scorsese's historical inaccuracies in the cinema. Two of the major settings in the movie were historically inaccurate. The opening scene contains a setting that is a massive catacomb like structure that has hundreds of people draped in rags with skulls and bones lying on the floor and other horrible conditions. But this structure couldn't have existed during the time period because Five Points was built on the site of the filled in Collect Pond (Snyder).The ground wouldn't have been stable enough to have such a structure exist. The other setting that adds to the historica

Dr. Martin Luther King wrote "A Letter from Birmingham Jail" in response to a published statement by eight fellow clergymen from Alabama who fiercely criticized King for organization and participation in the protest march against segregation in Birmingham. These men essentially believed that Dr. King was corrupting their community, especially the youth, which simply wasn't true. Dr. King's letter was an attempt to defend himself from accusations and to criticize white moderates and church. The eight clergymen who said that this demonstration was "unwise and untimely" wanted Dr. King to stand down and that was something that he just could not do. He had not only witnessed but felt the many injustices going on; to me this letter was not only a response but also a wak

The Bauhaus was one of the first schools of design. Walter Gropius founded the school in Weimar, Germany, in 1919. The school was founded upon the idea that all works of art, including architecture, would be included in the schools' curriculum. One of the main reasons the school was established was because the founders believed creativity and manufacturing were becoming an afterthought in design. The creators thought art was losing its purpose and wanted to bring back the artistic approach to architecture. Bauhaus believed in a different form of educating its students. Using practical skills, crafts, and techniques, along with intellectual thought were the emphasis of learning at the school. The Bauhaus had a long-lasting effect on fine arts that is still felt today. Bauhaus was founded on five basic principles: industrial means of production and artistic design, team vs. individual artists, the use of machines to their full advantage, embracing all architecture, and innovation. The

When faced with certain circumstances would you do the unthinkable? Imagine you are stranded somewhere with no chance of survival, unless you resort to cutting up your companion and eating his or her body for food...would you do it? What if you needed the medical assistance of dried body tissue, powdered bone, or even human blood, would you consume any of these substances to stay alive? Maybe you are part of a community where it is socially acceptable, or even a daily ritual where everyone consumes human flesh either for religious beliefs or the survival of your own people, what would you do? Or maybe even, you had a serious mental disorder where you are driven to eat human meat for either sadistic pleasure or psycho pathological reasons. Many people face these issues and are forced to resort to cannibalism, but are they just some sick freaks that commit completely socially unacceptable crimes, or do the situations they are put in make it acceptable? There are many cases of people be

In paragraph three of James Baldwin's 'Stranger in the Village' (1955), he alludes to emotions that are significant, dealing with conflicts that arise in the Swiss village. Of these emotions are two, astonishment and outrage, which represent the relevant feelings of Baldwin, an American black man. These two emotions, for Baldwin's ancestors, create arguments about the 'Negro' and their rights to be considered 'human beings' (Baldwin 131). Baldwin, an American Negro, feels undeniable rage toward the village because of the misconception of his complexion, a misconception that denies Baldwin human credibility and allows him to be perceived as a 'living wonder' (129).  Baldwin and his ancestors share this common rage because of the reflections their culture has had on the rest of society, a society consisting of white men who have thrived on using false impressions as a weapon throughout American history. Baldwin gives credit to the fact that no one can be held responsible for what hist

Conjecture clouds an American man's pursuit of success, leading to unfortunate ends in Arthur Miller's timeless production, Death of a Salesman. A post-depression era drama, Death of a Salesman challenges its audience to analyze universal components of the American Dream. Most people consider success a collision of past effort, future goals, and an appreciation for the present. Miller's character Willy Loman is convinced attractiveness, popularity, and physical prowess is all any man needs for prosperity. In the beginning, Miller introduces Willy's flawed insight linking personal attractiveness to success. Act I opens with a conversation between Willy and his wife, Linda. While discussing their son, Biff, Willy wonders how, "a young man with such – personal attractiveness, gets lost" (Miller 1237). Proudly, Willy continues his high praise asking Linda if she remembers how they all used to follow Biff around in high school and, "When he smiled ... their fa

In recent years, research has been explored on how important physical activity is in a child's development. My paper is based on how physical activity can be incorporate into school lesson's plans. Physical activity can begin as early as six months old and this can continue through adulthood. There are many physical benefits from physical activity. Physical activity can benefit all ages beginning with Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Early Adolescence, and Late Adolescence. Infants and toddlers should be encouraged to learn new physical skills and learn about the world they live in. Therefore, as children grow physical activity is strongly recommended. One challenge that educator's face is making sure children do not get hurt as children enjoy rough playing. According to McDevitt and Ormrod (2013) "Another deterrent to physical activity is the perception that physical education and outdoor play take time away from academic lessons". I am studying Early Ch

In journal one, virtual teams, understood as teams with geographically dispersed members communicating primarily by use of information and communication technologies (ICT), have become a viable form for work in innovation projects involving one or several organizations. Knowledge development and creation of a shared understanding among team members are often stressed as fundamental to successful innovation processes. Several important factors related to the use of ICT in teams working on innovation projects are highlighted. A conceptual model and directions for future research based on a literature review are proposed. Practical implications - Based on the discussion, a conceptual model is presented which highlights the need for well-functioning computer-mediated team interaction in order to realize the innovation potential of organizations. Journal one emphasizes the reciprocal significance of knowledge access and knowledge exploitation for organizations' innovation capabilities,

The use of political campaigning through television has been around for quite a while. Broadcasting politics on television allows the elections to be more accessible to more viewers. Although politics through media was meant to be positive, the true purpose was quickly overcome by a concern about image rather than the issues at hand. Television has allowed presidential candidates to win votes through ideas and addressing problems, and through creating a vision for themselves that would appeal to the public. Initially, the use of media to relay news was a good idea: television has "restored" the nation "feeling of direct contact," "the people have once more become the nation" (Sourc

The way love and suffering have shaped my life is through my childhood. It was a difficult childhood but I learned as I watched my mother go through trials and tribulations with my father. Being raised in a home where the man ruled the house, at a very young age I witnessed my mother's love for my dad and her extreme suffering because of the way my father reciprocated that love. My mother gave so much only to get nothing in return except infidelity and shame from my father's extracurricular activities which included cheating on my mother constantly and pilfering money from the family business to spend on his mistresses. I remember waking up in the middle of the night finding my mother in the living room crying because my father didn't come home. She loved him so much and really believed in marriage - that no matter what, you stay married even if you are being treated unfair

Corporate business ethics has sparked one of the most controversial, concerning, and notorious issues in our world today. Business ethics refers to how people and institutions behave in the world of commerce, including factors such as exploiting its workforce, negligence for the environment, and their lust for money. Large transnational businesses claim that the way they approach business is fair, and promotes development for the desperate parts of the world. However, a closer look into the business ethics reveals that most corporations, through placing the value of profiting above human wellbeing, are destructive to the business infrastructures of a country affecting the locals, the environment and causing social disparity. When manufacturing plants or sweatshops are opened in a developing country, the national employments standards drop dramatically, the wages are lowered, and the working conditions are significantly degraded. On the surface, a large portion of this issue remains bl

Introduction Communication is vital to any organization. Each organization must communicate, be it internally with its employees, or externally with clients, stakeholders, suppliers and the general public. An organization whose employees have good communication skills both internally and externally is better at providing quality service. Learning and perfecting your communication style as well as knowing when to apply the right communication style is the foundation of effective communication. Good communicators must recognize that communication styles exist along a continuum, and that "gray areas" exist. Communication Style We each have a personal style of communicating. Your communication style is simply how you interact or exchange information with others. There are three basic types of communication. The Assertive Communication Style basically allows you to respect the rights of others while upholding your own beliefs and rights. When the Passive Communication Style is used you

In October, 2011, the world's population had reached another milestone, 70 billion people. The world's population has doubled and tripled throughout the years. According to the United Nations, the world's population is most likely to reach 100 billion by 2083. One of the reasons for the rapid population growth is technological development. If you look into charts that show how world population changes throughout time, you will clearly discover a rapid growth after every significant event in development, such as the Industrial Revolution. Every time we make another major improvement in technology, we push environmental capacity to another limit. We mined, farmed, built power plants and so on to make the earth more suitable for us to inhabit, which in turn leads to population growth. Another reason for population growth lays in improvement in health care. Pe

The killing of one person as punishment for killing another seems to be unfair when written on paper. However, when looked at from the victim's point of view, it is the only fair punishment. When I imagine myself in such situation, I see the only just punishment is to have the killer put to death. I support the death penalty and I dare to say that the death penalty could be seen as one of the ways for a better society. In my opinion a brutal criminal should not be able to enjoy life - at all. It is not fair with the victim who suffered and died or with the victim's family who no longer has their beloved one with them to know that the criminal is still alive having a decent time in prison. I strongly believe that, not only does the use of the death penalty keep convicts from committing other crimes it also gives emotional closure for the families who were offended. Sometimes the only way to end the continuing pain of a crime committed against you or someone you know, i

Erik Erikson, was a 20th century American psychologist, best known for his theory of psychosocial development. Erikson's psychological theory considers the impact of external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. It is relevant to modern life and, according to Erikson's theory, explains how personal behavior develops through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life. The first stage is known as 'Infancy', which begins from birth to eighteen months. During the birth or second year of life, the basic "trust vs. mistrust" stage where child learns to have faith in her or his parents. Erikson identifies this stage as a "hope" stage. If mother and father nurture and care for a child, especially in terms of visual contact and touch, the child will develop trust, confidence, security, which are very crucial at this life. If, however, a child doesn't receive adequate care during this stage,

The last decade has witnessed an enormous increase in research examining the effects of mindfulness meditation. One of the basic assumptions guiding this research is that meditation ultimately makes people happier (Choi, Karremans, Barendregt. 2012). According to Barongan, findings support that the brain changes through meditative practices. He states how there are changes in the brain that lead to greater self-acceptance, which creates a larger capacity of empathy for others (Barongan. 2007). Interventions that used meditation to reduce the psychiatric symptoms within patients have become more and more common (e.g., Diodonna 2009), and research has demonstrated the effectiveness of this treatment in a wide range of conditions (Hoffman et al. 2010). In Canada, Mood and anxiety disorders are the highest psychiatric disorders treated. Psychotherapies specific to anxiety and depressive disorders have made a positive change in the world we live in today. Unfortunately once patients ha

Located in South East Asia is a country surrounded by 14 other nations, ranging in economic and political stability (U.S Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, 2010). The country is home to 9 596 961 square kilometers of terrain that is filled with plains, deltas, and hills in the east east; mountains, high plateaus, and deserts in the west; and boasts a tropical climate in the south while subarctic climate inhibits the north (U.S Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, 2010). This is China, or formally known as the Peoples Republic of China (P.R.C). (See Appendix 1) With a population growth of 0.494% annually, the Chinese population of 1 324 655 000 has been increasing steadily since the 1960s (Google, 2010). (See Appendix 2) There are 23 provinces, as the P.R.C. considers Taiwan to be its 23rd province (U.S Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, 2010). The government of China is a communist party-led state that created a Constitution on December 4, 1982, however it has been r

Louisiana law states "Every person shall be secure in his person, property, communications, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches, seizures, or invasions of privacy." (Article I, § 5, p.3) Does this apply in accordance to online privacy? Louisiana has many distinctive laws and regulations that protect the community's privacy. The laws protect the community from unlawful use of the Internet (i.e., Cyberstalking, Unauthorized revealing of personal information, etc). I believe that Louisiana has a firm grip on these laws and enforcing criminal action on those who do not abide. Over the past semi century the Internet has grown tremendously and therefore many directives for the privacy of the community have been set. Milestone cases such as McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, Stanley v. Georgia, and Tattered Cover Inc. v. City of Thornton are all court cases that involve the changing times and the enforcement of privacy and anonymity laws. I will address t

When one claims that they do not believe in fate, they are saying that they don't believe in the fact that their future is predetermined at birth. So it's not that they don't believe in fate, instead they believe that they control their future, or basically fate, with the decisions they choose to make throughout the span of their entire life. Then there are those who claim that they do believe in fate, which usually means that they believe their future is predetermined. That no matter what, they were put on this earth for a reason. Both of these views of fate are shown through two differe

Introduction- Page 3 Nervous control of heart beat - Page 4 Hormonal control- Page 5 Hypothesis/null hypothesis- Page 6 Health and safety- Page 7 Variables- Page 8 Materials and method- Page 9 Results- Page 10 Discussion- Page 11-16 Evaluation- Page 17 Bibliography - Page 18-20 Appendix 1- Page 21 Appendix 2- Page 22 Appendix 3- Page 23 Introduction Broker, (2011) states that 'the cardiac cycle is the cyclical contraction (systole) and the relaxation (diastole) of the two atria and the ventricles.' Each cycle is initiated by the spontaneous generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node. Diastole lasts around 0.4 seconds. Increasing pressure in the ventricles closes the triaspid and mitral valves; this then means that all four valves are closed. Ventricular pressure continues to rise until eventually the pulmonary and aortic valves are forced open and blood is ejected into the pulmonary artery and aorta (Crowley, 1996). When the heart rate is increased the am

While reading The Latehomecomer, a memoir written by Kao Kalia Yang, there are a number of examples of spirituality that can be found throughout the Yang family's voyage. Spirituality, or matters of the spirit, are a concept often tied to a spirit world, a multidimensional reality and one or more deities (ThinkQuest). Three specific examples that stand out in this memoir are how the Hmong believed babies are brought into the world, flying with the clouds looking down and choosing the family to which they want to become a part of. In addition to this, we also read about Kalia's grandmother being a shaman. If you're Hmong and have a sickness that won't go away, you would go see a shaman. The literal translation for a shaman is "master of spirits" (PBS par. 2). Youa Lee (Grandma) stands by her Shaman tools and her remedies to cure others, including her granddaughter Kalia. Not everyone can become a shaman, but if you are called to it there are many duties you&a

To what extent do female characters in 'Goblin Market' repeat 'familiar cultural stereotypes'? With its noticeably rich rhyming and fable-like narrative, 'Goblin Market' by Christina Rossetti can easily be interpreted as a children's poem. However, it is also the tension between form, content and language that encourages the question of whether or not 'Goblin Market' might be considered a feminist text. Rossetti's long narrative poem presents two very alike sisters, Lizzie and Laura, who are blinded by temptation of malicious goblin merchants haunting their world in the woods and alluring passing maidens with their sumptuous fruits. It is continually believed that the community within which the two female characters are placed mirror the everyday notion of life for a typical woman in a patriarchal society. The roles and themes in which female characters are associated with follow typical stereotypes that women feel are necessary to suppo

Being a waiter at a Vietnamese restaurant making five dollars an hour over the course of two years, I realized that life has a lot of challenges and difficulties. I've worried about the money I can earn but it helped me when I read the book Nickel and Dimed, by Barbara Ehrenreich. Barbara Ehrenreich tries to convey her experiences to readers about working and living in the United States. There are three messages about her experience: people should have a good education to have a better life, low wage workers have to face to a lot of problems in work, and the lives are very difficult for people who have low wage jobs. First, Barbara Ehrenreich wants to tell people that everyone should have a good education to have a better life. As Barbara Ehrenreich states "I had allotted myself for start-up costs when I began my low-wage life: $1,000 for the firs

What did you do yesterday? What did you do on the same day a year ago? Ten years ago? It is highly probable that you cannot recall what you were doing on a specific date ten years you, you have forgotten. The phenomenon of forgetting is an important topic to investigate as it can give us a further understanding of how our memory systems work. A classic study was carried out by Ebbinghaus (1885) using himself as the subject and nonsense syllables as the material to be learned. He learned 169 lists of 13 nonsense syllables then relearned each list after an interval ranging from 21 minutes to 31 days. He always found that some forgetting had occurred and used the amount of time taken to a relearn the list as a measure of how much had been forgotten. Ebbinghaus's results showed that forgetting is rapid at first but gradually slows down. The rate of forgetting is more logarithmic, whereas the relationship between learning and remembering is linear. Ebbinghaus and the forgetting curve