For this paper, two Internet articles will be examined. These are "Organizational Culture and Organizational Change" by Frank Avallone, and "The Multidimensional Character of Biased Perceptions of Individuals with Disabilities" by Adrian Thomas. Both of these articles are important and even though the second one deals with those that have a disability, the biased perceptions of people can often be generalized as well.

In B.F. Skinner's theory, positive reinforcement is defined as a presented stimuli that works to increase or strengthen the probability of a response. An example of this would be a food treat for a dog in return for sitting behavior. A negative reinforcement is defined as the removal of stimuli that acts to increase or strengthen a response. An example of this would be yelling at a child to stop crying, and having the crying behavior stop. While the action of yelling was negative, the response was positive, in that the child stopped crying, thus increasing the likelihood that a person will yell to get the child to stop crying. Punishment is defined as an action to temporarily repress behavior, such as the removal of television privileges for a child who fails a class. This "punishment" would temporarily serve as a repression to the behavior of receiving bad grades. Walden II, B.F. Skinner's world of utopia, is a model illustration of what needs to be don

The developing country of Qatar is located near the Persian Gulf and surrounded by it on three sides (Crystal, 263). Located in the Middle East, Qatar is also bordered by Saudi Arabia (Crystal, 264). It is one of the 15 states that are generally considered to be in what is termed the "Cradle of Humanity" (Qatar, 2004). It is technically in a peninsula in the east of Arabia (Crystal, 264). Qatar makes up 11,437 square kilometers and has no large lakes or rivers to speak of (Qatar, 2004). Five hundred and sixty-three kilometers of Qatar are coastline and 60 kilometers border Saudi Arabia (Qatar, 2004). It is generally a desert climate. It is very hot and dry in most regions of the country and in the summer it turns into a very sultry and humid place. Most of the terrain of Qatar is flat and much of it is barren desert (Qatar, 2004). This is generally covered with gravel or loose sand and there are no forests or other densely planted areas. The lowest point in Qatar is where it meets the

This is a paper on the Hundred Years' War. There are eight references used for this paper.

The media, especially television, plays an extremely important role in informing and influencing public opinion. While in many instances, the role of the media is a necessary and important one; the fact is that in some cases, it can end up negatively affecting public consciousness. Indeed, this appears to be the case as far as the presence of violence in media news and entertainment programs is concerned, as evidenced by nearly 3000 research studies, which have found a connection between television violence and real violence (FRONTLINE). The link between the presence of violence in media and the prevalence of real-life violence in America is not surprising given that the average American child is estimated to have witnessed more than 8,000 murders on television even before leaving elementary school (FRONTLINE). Such statistics are proof positive that the media can, and does, have a negative effect on the consciousness of the American people. Naturally, this i

One recent concern for the nation of Australia is the precipitous decline in the Australian birth rate. The Australian birth rate is one of the lowest birth rates in the civilized world. Statistics have also shown that a growing number of Australian women are postponing childbirth later and later. This is not only true of teenage mothers but also young women in their twenties, whom are traditionally at their most fertile biological peak' as well as more economically and personally stable than teenagers. The most frequently cited reasons for the low Australian birth rate, an object of frequent debate in the nation, include the lack of available affordable childcare as well as the fact that more and more women are pursuing careers, eschewing motherhood until later in life, only then finding out that hey have problems with their fertility. Also, the proportion of the population aged 65, past childbearing age, has grown steadily in Australia since 1975. (Australian Health Trends, 2001) Since 1976, the Australian bi

Nathaniel Hawthorne's somewhat uncomfortable heritage as descendant of the strictest Puritans is evident in his excellent allegorical short story "Young Goodman Brown." The purpose of his story is to portray the way in which religious piety itself may become a sort of devilry, and that even one who perceives himself to have escaped the snares of the devil may in his judgmental piety be doing the very work of the evil one. The story is simple enough: a faithful young Puritan is tempted by the devil, and agrees to meet him in the woods but refuses to go to far with him, until one by one he sees how everyone he respected as a spiritual leader has already fallen to evil, at which point he wavers, and then finally rejects Satan. Yet on returning to the real world, he carries with him the perception of all his fellows as having sold themselves to Satan, and this poisons all his relationships and makes him unable to worship among them. Thus Hawthorne's purpose is fulfille

This is a paper concerning nineteenth century history. There is one reference used for this paper.

Introduction This paper will provide an overview of social groups, different group roles and social functions. Further, the paper will examine the variety of social roles present with the organization of a funeral home. Finally, the funeral home will by analyzed in the context of a bureaucracy.

Strength of character is a predominant theme in Edith Wharton's novel Ethan Frome and Charlotte Bronte's novel, Jane Eyre. While both protagonists experience hardships and difficulties, they deal with them in very different ways. Ethan Frome is paralyzed by his depressing circumstances and never recovers from his personal tragedy. On the other hand, Jane Eyre gains strength from her negative experiences and ultimately emerges triumphant and happy. This paper will examine the character of Ethan and Jane and how they cope with difficult situations. Ethan was an inward, sensitive person. We are told that he "had always been more sensitive than the people about him to the appeal of natural beauty" (33). "He did not even know whether any one else in the world felt as he did, or whether he was the sole victim of this mournful privilege" (33-4). This description allows us to see that Ethan was a caring person and also felt obligated to take care of his ailing wife, r

Thesis Euthanasia is not an acceptable solution but a disturbing development that undermines the very structure of positive palliative care. Instead of supporting euthanasia we must direct our efforts at improving the therapeutic method of alleviating the sufferings of the terminally ill people. Introduction Euthanasia is the hastening of death or the deliberate ending of life at the request of the patient. Over the last few years we have witnessed heated debates about the medical, ethical, legal and moral aspects euthanasia. At the very base of this issue is the fear factor', which underlies both the sides of the argument. From the patients perspective it is the fear of unbearable pain that cannot be assuaged, the embarrassment of dependence that interminable illness causes, and the feeling of worthlessness and loss of self-love. On the other hand we have a fear of doctors and the possible abuse of the power. Let us have a brief overview of euthanas

Honesty is known widely as one of the most important of moral virtues. Parents teach their children about the importance of honesty, and many of our movie heroes are described as honest. A basic definition of honesty is relatively simple, and is consistent with the common image of honesty. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines honesty as: "fairness and straightforwardness of conduct" and "adherence to the facts: SINCERITY." Despite the apparent simplicity of the definition of honesty, a critical and thorough look at the concept of honesty is often more complex than it first appears. For example, the concept of a "white lie", is an interesting twist on the idea of honesty. A white lie is usually seen as an innocuous euphemism for an untruth that is often considered trivial, diplomatic, or well-intentioned. Most individuals who would otherwise consider themselves an honest person commonly tell white lies. White lies are most commonly told in order to spare a person's feelings. Perhaps a better understanding of honesty lies on an examination of why we are honest, and how white lies fit into this understanding. The

Sextus Empiricus' trilemma against justification is an argument presented in response to Plato's claim that knowledge is justified true belief. According to the trilemma, there can be no such thing as knowledge, because we can have no real justification for our beliefs. This is the basis of skepticism. There are many responses to that argument, including those of the foundationalist, coherentist, and infinitist. This paper will outline the general principles of Sextus Empiricus' Trilemma, as well as discuss the responses to that trilemma according to the foundationalist, the coherentist, and the infinitist. In addition, this paper will attempt to show that the foundationalist response has the most validity. Empiricus' trilemma begins with the assumption that we only have knowledge if our beliefs are justified. If those beliefs are challenged, there are only three ways in which we can attempt a justification. First, we can attempt to justify our belief set by r

The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of emergency care in the United States. Specifically, it will evaluate the positive and negative aspects of emergency care. Emergency care is at a crossroads in America today. The cost of emergency care is skyrocketing, and more hospitals are finding the need to manage these costs by a number of devices. Some have even turned away patients. Emergency rooms (ERs) are often the only hope for seriously ill patients without their own doctors or health insurance. How are American emergency rooms measuring up to the challenges of emergency care'

The play "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller takes place almost entirely in the head of its main protagonist, Willy Loman. The play continually evolves through a series of flashbacks to the past and flashes of what Willy is actually experiencing in the present. This allows the viewer of the play not only to meet Willy Loman as the father of two grown boys, but also see a bit of his own relationship, with his own brother. It shows that Willy was always a dreamer, more interested in dreaming of making money than actually possessing the real-life capabilities of doing so, unlike his brother Ben. Unlike Ben Loman, rather than being a financial success, Willy Loman is about to lose his job at the beginning of the play. He is failing as a salesman and failing in mind and body. Willy feels as if he might be better off dead than alive because of his inability to make money, something that the playwright Miller suggests indicates the failure of American capital

In The emperor's new computer: A critical look at our appetite for computer technology, Pepi and Scheurman argue that computer technology has been largely uncritically accepted within the school system without a rigorous analysis of the potential drawbacks of the technology. They argue that computers are often used in ways that reflect outdated teaching methodologies, and allow society to ignore bad teaching in our schools. In addition, Pepi and Scheurman make a convincing case that computer technology is often used at the expense of critical thinking. Overall, the author's arguments raise some valid concerns, and illustrate the need for schools to consider how computer technology can take place within the context of the integration of modern and effective teaching methodologies in the classroom. Published in the Journal of Teacher Education, Pepi and Scheurman's article questions the automatic assumption that many educators have about the effectiveness of c

Throughout the United States, more minorities are being hired; however, minorities continually face barriers to advancement once the hiring process is complete. Therefore, the cure all solution instituted by Human Resource departments to sponsor diversity training initiatives has not addressed the predicament of minorities being overlooked for regular promotions. Abstract As the world continues to become smaller through the use of new technologies like the Internet and the business community also is facing all new challenges because of the highly competitive global economy, America's labor markets continue to tighten. Human Resource departments have addressed these twenty- first century concerns by hiring more minorities than at any other point in our nation's history. But, once hired, minorities find that there could be clear and observable barriers blocking growth related to their career path. "It sounds like an employer's worst nightmare. A min

It is difficult to make generalizations about organizational behavior. Organizational structure and thus organizational behavior can vary greatly from one corporation to another, one particular geographic or regional corporate climate to another, and one industry to another. Even within the particular organizational climate of companies that develop computer software, considerable environmental and managerial differences are evident between, for instance established companies such as Microsoft and upstart companies such as Red Hat.' For instance, Microsoft's current dominance of the proprietary software market and Red Hat's' stress upon nonproprietary software create a distinct divide between these company's corporate culture as well as the magnitude of Microsoft's sheer largess. Thus, different corporate cultures can be created between companies for many reasons, even within the software industry. For instance, because of the different salaries commanded by the average employee, and the different corporate ethos advanced by the individuals at the head of the corporation, a different ambience' or set of values may be stressed,

Luigi Pirandello's short story, War, clearly reflects Pirandello's life and experiences. Pirandello's Italian birth and student life in Rome is reflected in War, which is set in Italy, and refers to the protagonist's son, who has lived as a student in Rome. War also reveals a great deal about Pirandello's understanding of patriotism, as his characters make pointed references to the honor of fighting for one's country. Pirandello's feelings about the destructiveness of war are revealed in the theme of the short story, War, as he reveals that patriotism cannot hope to justify the horrible waste and sadness over the loss of a child. His personal experience with madness and mental illness are seen in the tone and characterization in the story. Further, Pirandello's masterful understanding of dialect is paradoxically revealed through his use of stilted English to reveal the emotionless and overly rational character of the men in the train. Pirandello's Italian

Defining wisdom is a difficult and often contentious undertaking. Throughout history, important thinkers like Plato, Thoreau, Pieper, Frankl and Huxley have provided a different understanding of the purpose of life and of the meaning of wisdom itself. Their views have often been fundamentally different. Plato saw wisdom as an external force that could only begin to be seen by human intelligence, while Frankl's understanding of wisdom and meaning is based on a deeply subjective and individualistic understanding. At times, their views have been greatly similar. Thoreau and Huxley both argue that a meaningful life can be found through the capacity for individual choice. The texts also differ greatly in their emphasis on the introspective and spiritual versus the intellectual and rational approach to wisdom and meaning. In the end, perhaps true wisdom can be found through a combination of the careful reflection of the rational and an understanding of the spiritual.

Taking advantage of the immense popularity of an earlier novel, "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)," Mark Twain began working on its sequel, "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)." The second work focused less on adventure and more on the slavery problem that then raged in the South, but put the work aside when it did not blend with the optimism of the Gilded Age that followed the Civil War. This optimism, however, began falling apart in the 1880s when the political program of reconstruction - whereby the defeated South would be reintegrated into the Union as a slavery-free region- collapsed because of the severe impositions of the North that embittered the South. Many Southern politicians tried to maintain power by controlling and oppressing black men and women whom the war had freed. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" became even more famous than Twain's earlier novel and enshrined him as one of America's preeminent writers. At the same time,

The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of friendship in two different artistic mediums. Specifically, it will compare and contrast the representation of friendship in the book "My Antonia" by Willa Cather, and the film "Citizen Kane" directed by Orson Welles, and written by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles. Friendship is an important, even vital ingredient of both of these works.

Victor E. Frankl is known both as an internationally famous psychiatrist, and as the author of Man's Search for Meaning, noted as one of the top 10 influential books in America by a Library of Congress survey. Frankl's work has been widely read, and 151 books have been published about Frankl and his work in 15 different languages. He had received 29 Honorary Doctorates, and lectured at 209 universities. He passed away in 1997 in Vienna, Austria (Runyon). Man's Search for Meaning starts with a deeply descriptive look at Frankl's five-year imprisonment in Auschwitz and other Nazi concentration camps. The second section of his work is a detailed description of logotherapy, the psychotherapeutic model developed by Frankl. He sees the human desire for meaning and purpose in life as the fundamental driving force of humanity. In Man's Search for Meaning, Frankl manages to successfully marry an abstract psychological theory with a deeply human, introspective und

Working models in counseling theory can be as varied as the number of authors who write on the subject. Like all fields of psychology, counseling in still relatively new and those involved in the field are still testing and applying the theorems put forth by earlier writers in an attempt to determine a best-fit practice for helping people master the world around them. Regardless of the theory chosen the professional must make sure that that which is purported as a usable theoretical paradigm is congruent with one's own personal values, personality, and professional skills. The remainder of this paper will focus on three different counseling theories with respect to their similarities, differences, and applicability in the advent of the twenty first century. The chosen theories are representative of the cognitive, psychodynamic, and behavioral approaches to counseling. Cognitive Approach to Counseling This particular app

Sony has always been a pioneer in home entertainment and electronics. On the horizon are further innovations in all-in-one boxes, the application of MPEG-4 for ubiquitous television access, and streaming video. And, there's more exciting potential as computer technology continues to merge with televisions. This paper describes current industry trends and Sony's responses.