Social Darwinism applies Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to human
beings, contending that throughout its history, human society has operated
like a jungle where only the fittest'[1] survived. The theory was first
propagated by Herbert Spencer, a 19th century English sociologist, who
believed that such a process of seemingly cruel human evolution carried
important long-term benefits for the human society and should not be
interfered with. Social Darwinism did not find widespread acceptance in
Britain or Europe but was enthusiastically supported in the United States
of late nineteenth and early twentieth century especially by the elite
intellectuals and some influential businessmen. In this paper we shall take
a detailed look at Social Darwinism and explore its impact on the American
Origins of Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin was an English biologist who captured the attention of
the world when he published his thesis about evolution, On the Origin of
Species in 1859. Although theories of evolution had existed for centuries,
Darwin's theory of "natural selection" was an innovative hypothesis that
evoked considerable interest. However, Darwin had purposely avoided
applying "natural selection" to human societies. Other intellectuals, most
notably Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), seized upon Darwin's theory and made
it the philosophical foundation[2] for "Social Darwinism." (Schultz)
Spencer opined that human beings, like animals and plants, are engaged
in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival
of the fittest." He opposed government intervention in the "natural"
processes of human evolution, e.g., welfare for the poor, public education,
and government healthcare, as he believed that such interference helped
weak humans to survive and thus undermined the health of the entire human
race. The Social Darwinists we...