The struggle in Vietnam failed for many reasons. Many historians agree
on the fact that many of the troubles began in Washington for lack of a
clear plan of action. The war became more problematic when American troops
were not prepared for the tactics and the determination of the North
Vietnamese. In addition, as the war dragged on without any success or end
in sight, the American public reacted with a fury that could not be
As with all wars, the intention for an American presence in South
Vietnam was to prevent the spread of Communism. While many believed the
war was wrong in that it promoted imperialism, others believed that the war
was an opportunity to restore law and order. While many things were unclear
about the war, the one thing that did seem clear was the fact that America
could not keep the war at arm's length any longer. Support and aid were
not going to be enough and when the American presence was felt, things
Things in Washington became worse when Johnson's Secretary of Defense,
John McNamara became uncomfortable with how things were unfolding in
Vietnam. The president halted bombing for a short period of time in 1968
but those efforts were practically useless. The public was becoming
outraged at the worsening situation while Johnson's advisors were urging
him to send more troops to the area. He was torn with no clear answer. As
a result, his popularity fell. Karnow claims, "The country's trust in his
authority had evaporated. His credibility--the key to a president's
capacity to govern--was gone" (Cooper 546). Johnson was not just facing a
negative reaction from the public, he was facing failure in Vietnam, which
ultimately meant failure in the next election. The pressure was so heavy
that Johnson decided not to run for reelection.
The bombing of North Vietnam was not nearly as successful as many had
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