The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in September 11, 2001 or commonly known as 9/11 made America join the ranks of countries that suffered from the effects of terrorism for decades such as the France, United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. America's innocence was since this terrorist incident is of greater enormity compared to other terrorist events that occurred – and in terms of the socio-political impact, the message was brought home that "no one is safe" and it was time to close ranks and protect the homeland from future incidents such as 9/11.
             The U.S. government's initial response to 9/11was the rapid implementation of the Patriot Act of 2001 or completely known as "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001." The legislation contains sections that defines and effects controls and measures in the fight against terrorism such as (Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, 2001):
             Enhanced domestic security against terrorism;
             Abatement of international money laundering and anti-terrorist financing;
             Removal of obstacles to investigating terrorism;
             Provision for victims of terrorism, public safety officers and their families;
             Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection;
             Strengthening the criminal laws against terrorism; and
             Aside from the enactment of the Patriot Act, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was stood up through House Resolution 5005 – Homeland Security Act of 2002. The primary mandate of the Department of Homeland Security or DHS is "to prevent terrorist attacks within and reduce the vulnerability to terrorism of the United States (Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, 2002)." By being the focal point of the U.S. response to terrorism, the DHS absorbed some major government agencies ...