To Thomas Hobbes, as noted particularly in Levithan, humankind did not rank highly. In fact, he said, most humans are "nasty, brutish and short." The world is a place where the situation is always close to a time of war. All men are an enemy to one another man and have no more security and safety than what they have by their own strength and invention. In such a situation, how can there by any industry, since the outcome is uncertain: "and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face
             of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death." The goal, of man, therefore is immediate gratification for self-consideration.
             Hobbes demonstrated that pride was one of the first and lasting negative traits of humans through the title of this work: According to the "Book of Job" (41:34) of the Old Testament of the Bible, the Leviathan is the Lord's creature that is placed over the children of pride. Based on this, Hobbes saw the Leviathan as an artificial being produced by the "Art of man," whose business is the safety of the commonwealth.
             Thus, according to Hobbes, man replaced God; pride was a problem of safety, not impiety. Hobbes did not recognize pride as a civil disobedience against God's rule, simply because there was no such rule. Nature, "the Art whereby God hath made and governs the World," gave humankind no positive directions or goals: "For there is no such finis ultimus (utmost aim) nor summum bonum (greatest good) as is spoken of in the books of the old moral philosophers." Further, no man can live whose desires are at an end than he whose senses and imaginations are at a stand. It is this pride that was man's downfa...