1. What factors led to the emergence of a popular independence movement in India, and why did
             this movement lead to the establishment of two states, India and Pakistan,
             After achieving India's independence on August 15, 1946, the country faced many contradictory strains. On the one hand, too many people wanted India to proclaim itself a Republic with no allegiance to the British Crown, which ruled on India for 90 years. These people looked for an intense nationalist desire for an independent political, economic, and foreign policy path. "Long
             years ago, we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when
             we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very
             substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps,
             India will wake to life and freedom." On the other hand, there were a lot of serious problems, since intellectuals, politicians and industrialists shared a broad consensus on the preferred directions of economy policy.The country also faced the challenge of forging a strong unified national
             identity and an effective state apparatus from the ravages of 1947
             partition. The division of the formerly unified British colony into two
             separate nation states engendered tremendously disruptive population
             dislocations and unprecedented outbursts of religious hatred between
             communities that had peacefully coexisted for centuries despite
             occasional tensions. Perhaps one million people died in the process of
             splitting British India into two separate states: India and Pakistan.
             2. How and why did the political evolution of Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil differ from each other?
             Until 1910 Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil shared a common history and similar cultures. In the first half of the twentieth century their economies followed parallel trajectories, but their political histories diverged radically. Mexico underwent a traumatic and profound social revolution....